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Background: Testing was the cornerstone of the COVID-19 epidemic response in most countries until vaccination became available for the general population. Social inequalities generally affect access to healthcare and health behaviors, and COVID-19 was rapidly shown to impact deprived population more drastically. In support of the regional health agency in Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur (PACA) in South-Eastern France, we analyzed the relationship between testing rate and socio-demographic characteristics of the population, to identify gaps in testing coverage and improve targeting of response strategies. Methods: We conducted an ecological analysis of SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19 testing rate in the PACA region, based on data aggregated at the finest spatial resolution available in France (IRIS) and by periods defined by public health implemented measures and major epidemiological changes. Using general census data, population density, and specific deprivation indices, we used principal component analysis followed by hierarchical clustering to define profiles describing local socio-demographic characteristics. We analyzed the association between these profiles and testing rates in a generalized additive multilevel model, adjusting for access to healthcare, presence of a retirement home, and the age profile of the population. Results: We identified 6 socio-demographic profiles across the 2,306 analyzed IRIS spatial units: privileged, remote, intermediate, downtown, deprived, and very deprived (ordered by increasing social deprivation index). Profiles also ranged from rural (remote) to high density urban areas (downtown, very deprived). From July 2020 to December 2021, we analyzed SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19 testing rate over 10 periods. Testing rates fluctuated strongly but were highest in privileged and downtown areas, and lowest in very deprived ones. The lowest adjusted testing rate ratios (aTRR) between privileged (reference) and other profiles occurred after implementation of a mandatory healthpass for many leisure activities in July 2021. Periods of contextual testing near Christmas displayed the largest aTRR, especially during the last periods of 2021 after the end of free convenience testing for unvaccinated individuals. Conclusion: We characterized in-depth local heterogeneity and temporal trends in testing rates and identified areas and circumstances associated with low testing rates, which the regional health agency targeted specifically for the deployment of health mediation activities.
Subject(s)
COVID-19 , SARS-CoV-2 , Humans , COVID-19 Testing , COVID-19/diagnosis , COVID-19/epidemiology , Social Deprivation , France/epidemiologyABSTRACT
The paper considers a problem at the intersection of sociology, anthropology, law and multidisciplinary public health research - health care accessibility during a sudden social crisis. The authors test the theoretical assumptions on the example of the covid-19 pandemic in Serbia, trying to understand the specific position of non-covid patients suffering from chronic non-communicable diseases and their perceptions regarding health care accessibility during the period of the pandemic. The empirical data on which the analysis was performed was collected with the help of focus group interviews. The sample consisted of interviewees - representatives of the association of patients suffering from chronic non-communicable diseases that burden the population of Serbia the most, who live on the territory of the Republic of Serbia without Kosovo and Metohija. The analysis shows that access to health care during the pandemic was limited and that the protocols that the state and the health care system were setting up in the process did not take into account the specific needs of this socially vulnerable group of patients. This, due to the impossibility for them to go through certain diagnostic procedures in time, receive adequate therapy and/or rehabilitation, in a large number of cases resulted in the deterioration of the clinical picture of the chronic disease from which they suffer. The paper presents theoretical and practical conclusions, which aim to show how important it is to incorporate theoretical and empirical insights from the social sciences and humanities in the conceptualization and future implementation of public health protocols for future social crises in order to reduce their potential syndemic effect.
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Objective: To describe the perception of Venezuelan women regarding access to health care, diagnosis, and treatment of HIV/aids and syphilis in Brazil. Method: This is a descriptive, exploratory study employing a qualitative approach, performed from February to May 2021 in the municipalities of Manaus, state of Amazonas, and Boa Vista, state of Roraima. The interviews with participants were fully transcribed, with identification of themes based on content analysis. Results: Forty women were interviewed (20 in Manaus and 20 in Boa Vista). Following transcription and translation of the accounts, two analytical categories were identified: barriers to healthcare access, with four subcategories - language, cost, adverse drug reactions, and COVID-19 pandemic; and facilitators of healthcare access, again with four subcategories - Unified Health System (SUS), National Policy of Comprehensive Women's Health, National Social Assistance Policy, and relationship between healthcare professionals and SUS users. Conclusion: The results showed the need to design strategies to mitigate the difficulties faced by migrant women from Venezuela living in Brazil regarding the diagnosis and treatment of HIV/aids and syphilis, going beyond the healthcare support guaranteed by law.
Objetivo: Describir la percepción de las mujeres venezolanas sobre el acceso a los servicios de salud, al diagnóstico y al tratamiento de la infección por el VIH/sida y la sífilis en Brasil. Métodos: Se trata de un estudio descriptivo y exploratorio, con enfoque cualitativo, realizado entre febrero y mayo del 2021 en los municipios de Manaos, estado de Amazonas, y Boa Vista, estado de Roraima. Las entrevistas con las participantes se transcribieron en su totalidad, y se exploraron los puntos de interés según el análisis del contenido. Resultados: Se entrevistaron 40 mujeres (20 en Manaos y 20 en Boa Vista). A partir de la transcripción y la traducción de las conversaciones, se establecieron dos categorías para el análisis del contenido: las barreras de acceso a los servicios de salud (subcategorías: idioma, costos relacionados con la salud, reacciones adversas a los medicamentos y pandemia de COVID-19); y los factores facilitadores del acceso (cuatro subcategorías: Sistema Único de Salud, Política nacional de Atención Integral a la Salud de la Mujer, Política Nacional de Asistencia Social y relación entre los profesionales de salud y las usuarias del Sistema Único de Salud). Conclusión: Los resultados mostraron la necesidad de formular estrategias para mitigar las dificultades que enfrentan las mujeres migrantes de Venezuela residentes en Brasil en relación con el diagnóstico y el tratamiento de la infección por el VIH/sida y la sífilis, más allá de la protección de la salud garantizada por la ley.
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Introduction: People experiencing homelessness face lower life expectancy, higher prevalence of somatic and mental diseases and a more difficult access to healthcare compared to people in secure living. During the COVID-19 pandemic transmission rates were higher among people experiencing homelessness and preventive public health measures were not properly adapted to the specific needs of people experiencing homelessness. Thus, goal of our study was understanding the determinants of acceptability and access of the COVID-19 vaccine. Materials and methods: We conducted a qualitative interview study with twenty guideline interviews with adult people currently experiencing homelessness in Berlin, Germany (August 2021 - April 2022). Participants were approached in a purposive sampling strategy. The interviews were analyzed with qualitative content analysis according to Mayring. Results: Acceptance and attitude toward the COVID-19 vaccine is influenced by confidence in the vaccine as well as in the political and healthcare system, the individual COVID-19 risk perception and sense of collective responsibility. Overall, the acceptance of the vaccine was high among our participants. Facilities offering low threshold COVID-19 vaccines for people experiencing homelessness were perceived as helpful. Language barriers and the need for identity documents were major barriers to access the COVID 19 vaccine. Discussion: People experiencing homelessness are a marginalized and vulnerable group often underrepresented in the public and scientific discourse. During the COVID-19 pandemic, preventive public health measures, including the COVID-19 vaccine, failed to consider specific needs of people experiencing homelessness. Multidimensional strategy to enhance inclusive healthcare are needed to improve access and to reduce discrimination and stigmatization.
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COVID-19 , Ill-Housed Persons , Adult , Humans , COVID-19 Vaccines , Pandemics , COVID-19/epidemiology , COVID-19/prevention & control , Qualitative ResearchABSTRACT
The purpose of this study is to examine the barriers and the socio-economic determinants of telehealth services utilization during COVID-19 pandemic. This study measured the association between behavioral health services, medical services, and socio-economic factors such as gender, race, age, income level, education level, and health insurance coverage to determine if there is any relationship between these social economic factors and telehealth access during the COVID-19 pandemic. A descriptive-correlational analysis of secondary data from the Household Pulse Survey (HPS) enabled the researcher to determine associations between social economic factors and healthcare access to answer the research questions and create a baseline to enable follow-up analyses. The independent variables were the socio-economic factors of gender, race, age, income level, education level, and health insurance coverage. The dependent variables were access to health care and telehealth services. Health care was divided into medical and behavioral health services. Levesque's conceptual framework of access to health care is used to synthesize characterizing access to health care and to describe the correlational relationship between the use of telehealth and social economic factors. The results of this study suggests that barriers to medical care were low, with as many as 87% of Louisiana residents having uninterrupted access to services and nearly 27% of residents utilizing telehealth services. The results of this study showed that the social economic factors of gender, race, age, income level, education level, and health insurance coverage were associated with access to health care services and use of telehealth. The regression analyses showed that collectively these social economic factors were significantly associated with health care access and telehealth use in Louisiana during the COVID-19 pandemic. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved)
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One in five adolescents in the United States have a mental health (MH) disorder, yet less than half receive any MH care. Given the potential lifelong effects of MH problems in adolescence, it is vital that youth with MH disorders are offered timely access to effective treatment. Safety-net health agencies, such as community mental health centers (CMHCs) and Federally Qualified Health Centers (FQHCs), are key points of access for families with adolescents in need of care, especially those enrolled in Medicaid. However, significant barriers exist which may reduce accessibility, including a paucity of qualified specialty providers, lack of insurance acceptance, onerous paperwork requirements, and long wait times. The overall objective of this mixed-methods study is to identify ways to increase timely access to effective MH services delivered in safety-net health agencies that serve adolescents enrolled in Medicaid. Paper 1 uses survey data to describe the availability and accessibility of outpatient MH services for children and adolescents at safety-net health agencies in Cook County, Illinois, a year after the COVID-19 pandemic began in the United States. Findings reveal that approximately 12% of agencies in the initial sample were closed. Roughly 20% of agencies reported not offering outpatient MH services to adolescents. These findings indicate that online directories are often inaccurate or out-of-date. The median wait time for virtual services was 60 days at CMHCs and 15 days at FQHCs. Paper 2 uses a mystery shopper methodology to assess how access to trauma-informed MH services delivered in safety-net outpatient health agencies varies by insurance status (Medicaid vs. private insurance), the race of the caller (White, Latina, or Black), and organizational type (CMHC vs. FQHC). Data indicate that barriers to access are high as less than 20% of pseudo-mothers could schedule an appointment. The primary reasons for appointment denials were a lack of appointment availability at CMHCs and the implementation of administrative burdens at FQHCs. Insurance type did not predict the ability to schedule an appointment, but the caller's race did predict access, indicating discrimination may occur at the point of scheduling.Paper 3 follows up on the findings from Papers 1 and 2 to help determine the administrative burdens that exist in safety-net health agencies and how they act as barriers to accessing MH services. Findings reveal that FQHCs implement a variety of administrative burdens on prospective clients, such as a requirement to designate their primary care physician into the FQHCs network through their insurance prior to scheduling, and frequently engage in other organizational practices that create burdens on families, such as difficult-navigate phone trees, voicemails that are never responded to, and rude or discriminatory interactions with schedulers. These administrative burdens act as barriers to families accessing care due to the psychological, learning, and compliance costs associated with them. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved)
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Background: Patients with disabilities and those from diverse equity-deserving backgrounds have been disproportionately affected by the SARS COV-2 ("COVID-19") pandemic. Objective: To describe the significant needs and social determinants of health that affected a group of uninsured patients (from equity-deserving groups) with rehabilitation diagnoses during the early months of the COVID-19 pandemic. Design: Retrospective cohort study utilizing a telephone-based needs assessment from April to October, 2020. Setting: Free interdisciplinary rehabilitation clinic serving patients with physical disabilities from equity-deserving minority backgrounds. Participants: 51 uninsured, diverse patients with spinal cord injuries, brain injuries, amputations, strokes, and other diagnoses requiring interdisciplinary rehabilitation care. Methods: Using a non-structured approach, telephone-based needs assessments were collected monthly. Reported needs were summarized into themes and the frequencies of each theme were recorded. Results: From the total number of concerns, medical issues were reported with the highest frequency (46%), followed by equipment needs (30%) and mental health concerns (30%). Other frequently mentioned needs centered around themes of rent, employment, and supplies. Rent and employment were more frequently cited in earlier months, and equipment problems were more frequently cited in later months. A minority of patients reported they had no needs, some of whom had acquired insurance. Conclusions: Our objective was to describe the needs of a racially and ethnically diverse set of uninsured individuals with physical disabilities seen at a specialized interdisciplinary rehabilitation pro bono clinic during the early months of COVID-19. Medical issues, equipment needs, and mental health concerns were the top three needs. To optimally serve them, care providers must be aware of current and future needs for their underserved patients, especially if future lockdowns occur.
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During the early phases of the COVID-19 vaccine efforts, there was limited supply of the vaccine available to administer. However, as the vaccine supply improved, there was a lack of qualified personnel to administer the vaccine. VaxForce, a volunteer workforce management system to vet healthcare professionals and students and match them with existing vaccination events, was created. VaxForce activities were mainly focused on under-resourced communities. From March 2021 through July 2022, VaxForce mobilized 316 health professional volunteers in 72 vaccination events administering over 8451 vaccines in 7 counties in California. The racial and ethnic profile of vaccine recipients in VaxForce events were reported to be 49% Latinx, 26% Black, 4% Asian/Pacific Islander, 18% White, 3% Mixed Race.
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COVID-19 , Vaccines , Humans , COVID-19 Vaccines , Vaccination , StudentsABSTRACT
OBJECTIVES: Healthcare-related information sharing via social media is on the rise following the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Dental practices primarily use social media to search, share, and communicate health-related information. Considering the increasing trend of using social media, the primary aim of the present study was to identify the use of social media by dentists and laypeople to post and view dentistry-related content in Bahrain. METHODS: This questionnaire-based cross-sectional study included adult participants and dentists. A pretested validated questionnaire was administered. The chi-square test for association was used to assess the association between categorical outcomes. A p-value of ≤ 0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS: In total, 249 adult participants and 53 dentists were included. A substantial majority (83.5%) of the participants reported that they always used social media to view dentistry-related content, and 69.8% of the dentists felt that patients who use social media have better oral health awareness. A longer duration of social media usage showed significant associations with particularly viewing dentistry-related content (p = 0.008) and contacting dentists directly through social media for consultation (p = 0.055). CONCLUSIONS: An extremely high percentage of the younger population in Bahrain is using various social media to discuss dentistry. This engagement should be wisely managed to promote dentistry-related information sharing, which can lead to increased awareness related to overall dental health. There is a definite need to enforce certain standard operating procedures in every country that will prevent the misuse of this technological advancement.
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Nursing has been criticized for inconsistent and episodic attention to disaster response training in academic settings. The work described herein demonstrates that nursing was not only prepared for the COVID-19 pandemic but was able to mobilize and lead a large-scale response that benefited a university community and the larger surrounding communities and neighborhoods paying particular attention to marginalized populations. For healthcare providers outside of hospitals, it was clear that disaster response methods would need to be implemented. The authors demonstrate that nursing established an on-the-ground response in collaboration with other University officials and departments. Initially established for the University community, the response was moved into surrounding neighborhoods vaccinating the city's most vulnerable. The nurse led effort answered more than 25,000 Hotline telephone calls, collected more than 30,000 COVID-19 molecular tests, and administered more than 150,000 COVID-19 vaccines in an operation that served up to 2500 people a day for 5 months. Nurses saved thousands of lives at the height of the COVID-19 pandemic in hospitals and in community-based settings. The University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio School of Nursing demonstrated the nimble nature of academic nursing and outlines a large-scale community response to an international pandemic in the seventh-largest United States city. The authors establish guidelines for nurses and others to follow for future events.
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COVID-19 , Disaster Planning , Disasters , United States , Humans , COVID-19 Vaccines , Pandemics , Health PersonnelABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: The outbreak of COVID-19 had a significant impact on routines and continuity of professional care. As frequent users of this professional care, especially for people with chronic diseases this had consequences. Due to barriers in access to healthcare, an even greater appeal was made on the self-management behaviors of this group. In the present study, we aim to investigate the extent to which self-management changed during the recent pandemic, and which factors contributed to these changes. METHODS: The Dutch 'National Panel of people with Chronic Illness or Disability' was used to collect self-reported data of people with at least one chronic disease. Self-management was assessed with the Partners in Health questionnaire at two time points: before the crisis in 2018 and during the second wave of crisis in Autumn 2020. Paired t-tests were used to analyze changes in self-management. Potential associating factors on three levels - patient, organization and environment - were assessed in 2020 and their impact on self-management changes was tested with multinomial logistic regression. RESULTS: Data from 345 panel members was available at two time points. In the majority of people, self-management behaviors were stable (70.7%). About one in seven experienced improved self-management (15.1%), and a similar proportion experienced deteriorated self-management (14.2%). Sex, physical disability, mental health and daily stressors due to COVID-19 (patient level), changes in healthcare access (organization level), and social support (environment level) were significantly associated with experienced changes in self-management. CONCLUSIONS: People with chronic diseases experienced different trajectories of self-management changes during COVID-19. We need to be aware of people who seem to be more vulnerable to a healthcare crisis and report less stable self-management, such as those who experience mental health problems or daily stressors. Continuity of care and social support can buffer the impact of a healthcare crisis on self-management routines of people with chronic diseases.
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COVID-19 , Self-Management , Humans , Pandemics , Longitudinal Studies , Delivery of Health Care , Chronic DiseaseABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the utility of telemedicine, with rapid incorporation throughout 2020. Telemedicine is a timely, safe, and effective means of evaluating, triaging, and treating patient conditions, including those of the musculoskeletal system. Hand and wrist complaints are frequently encountered in the primary care setting, and some can have serious consequences if not promptly diagnosed. Prior to the pandemic, over a quarter of the nation's allopathic degree-granting medical schools had initiated telemedicine training as part of the preclinical phase of their curriculum, and about half had implemented it into clerkships prior to the pandemic. Despite rapid acceptance, increased ease of access, and prior attempts to incorporate telemedicine into the educational curriculum, telemedicine evaluation continues to pose challenges to both the patient and provider. This is likely due to a lack of established protocols outlining clinical data collection through a virtual interface. Although telemedicine requires the patient to perform a physical examination, it allows the physician to collect clinically important information while observing the patient in their home environment. AIMS: The aim of this paper is to provide a step-by-step method to evaluate and triage hand and wrist complaints. METHODS: Our group has created a step-by-step evaluation pathway to help physicians direct their patients through typical hand and wrist examination elements, including inspection, palpation, range of motion (ROM), strength, special, and functional testing. RESULTS: We have developed a table of evaluation questions and instructions and a glossary of images of each maneuver to facilitate hand and wrist examination via telemedicine. CONCLUSION: This paper provides a guide for extracting clinically relevant information while performing telemedicine examinations of the hand.
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In this descriptive case series, we detail the theoretical basis, methodology, and impact of a small-scale pilot implementation of graphic medicine workshops as an innovative approach to well-being and resilience in the age of COVID-19 and increasing awareness of racial injustice. The data provided in this article are anecdotal and based on participation in the workshops. Images created during the workshops are also shared as examples of the types of reflection that graphic medicine can enable. The workshops themselves were designed collaboratively and are based on the theoretical principles of graphic medicine, narrative medicine, and racial and social justice. They were conducted as part of a larger wellness initiative and were offered to health care-focused faculty at our academic medical institution. Our findings suggest that this was a beneficial activity which helped participants to reflect and reconsider their experiences with the COVID-19 pandemic and surging awareness of racial injustice. Reflections also showed that drawings were correlated with ProQOL scores and may, in larger numbers, also help to mitigate or bring attention to issues of burnout in frontline providers. Drawings shared show the tremendous impact of COVID-19 and the simultaneous chaos and emptiness of practicing during dual pandemics. Our workshops engaged about 20 frontline health care providers and other health care faculty and highlight the utility of graphic medicine as a tool for building resilience and encouraging self-reflection. Further study is necessary, as is more rigorous analysis of the relationship between the graphics created and the ability to recognize and mitigate burnout.
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Hardly reached communities in the United States greatly benefit from collective efforts and partnerships from Community Based Organizations, Health Institutions and Government Agencies, yet the effort to engage in this collaborative effort is minimal and funding to support these projects is lacking. The COVID-19 Pandemic exacerbated on a national scale what many vulnerable communities experience regularly; difficult access to basic medical care, information and support. In an effort to directly engage with community organizations and curb the infection rate of the COVID-19 virus within vulnerable communities, the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) launched its first targeted effort to partner directly with community based organizations. This article will highlight the first pilot year of activities and key results of COVID-19 education and vaccination efforts by the Mobile Health and Wellness project. This is a fleet of 11 Mobile Health Vehicles managed by the Mexico Section US-Mexico Border Health Commission in partnership with Alianza Americas, Latino Commission on AIDS, and the CDC, targeting Latino, Immigrant and rural communities across the US.
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COVID-19 , Telemedicine , United States , Humans , COVID-19/epidemiology , COVID-19/prevention & control , Pandemics , Health Services , Hispanic or LatinoABSTRACT
The purpose of this article is to look backward to an early American College Personnel Association (ACPA) Publications text, "Promoting Student Learning and Student Development at a Distance" (Schwitzer et al., 2001), in order to look forward to what an increased reliance on distance formats for health center and counseling center clinical services and educational delivery--and the many other supportive programs we employ on campus to promote learner success--during the corona pandemic moment and especially afterwards will mean in the college student development context. At the time of its publication, "Promoting Student Learning and Student Development at a Distance" was among the very first discussions of its kind. While the technologies have changed dramatically since this brief book appeared and therefore it is outdated for everyday instructional use--the predominant classroom delivery method was broad-band two-way televised instruction--the authors believe this original evidence-based text offers renewed lessons for their work with students in light of the current pressures of increased campus telehealth, telemental health, telesupport and distance education on college and university campuses in the current and post-COVID-19 environment.
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There are 240 million children with disabilities in the world, half of them are out of school. Many are invisible, stigmatized, hidden by their families and abandoned by their governments. Children with disabilities, especially in humanitarian settings, are among the poorest members of the population and one of the most marginalized and excluded groups in society. With only an estimated 1 in 10 children with a need for assistive devices having access, UNICEF's Office of Research -- Innocenti undertook a study to better understand the nature and drivers of Assistive Technology (AT) access in humanitarian settings. This document provides a synthesis of the project's various reports and papers: (1) a thematic literature review summarizes the academic evidence base regarding the provision of AT in humanitarian settings, including the nature and scale of provision and barriers and facilitators of access and provision, and (2) three case studies of countries affected by crisis to triangulate the findings of the literature review and fill identified knowledge gaps with real-world examples: Afghanistan, South Sudan, and the State of Palestine. [For the literature review, see ED620416. For the Afghanistan and South Sudan case studies, see ED620403 and ED620415, respectively.]
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Due to the impacts of the ongoing conflict, Afghanistan's child population is at high risk of being born with or acquiring a primary or secondary disability. According to a recent estimate, up to 17% of Afghanistan's children live with some form of disability. Assistive Technologies -- the systems, services and products that enhance the functioning of people with impairments -- are likely to be required by a large proportion of children with disabilities in Afghanistan. Afghanistan has signed and ratified the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, which includes a commitment to provide assistive technologies equitably to all who need it. However, little action has been taken to meet this commitment, and there continues to be a vast gap between need and provision. This work presents the the barriers and facilitators to provision and provides recommendations to begin to close the gap.
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This book examines dominant discourses in social justice education globally. It presents cutting-edge research on the major global trends in education, social justice and policy research. Using diverse paradigms, ranging from critical theory to discourse analysis, the book examines major social justice and equity education reforms and policy issues in a global culture, with a focus on the ambivalent and problematic relationship between social justice education discourses, ideology and the state. The book discusses democracy, ideology and social justice, which are among the most critical and significant factors defining and contextualising the processes surrounding social justice education reforms globally. It critiques current social justice education practices and policy reforms, illustrating the shifts in the relationship between the state, ideology, and social justice education policy. Written by authors from diverse backgrounds and regions, this book examines current developments in research concerning social justice education. It enables readers to gain a more holistic understanding of the nexus between social justice education, and dominant ideologies, both locally and globally. It also provides an easily accessible, practical, yet scholarly insights into local and global trends in the field of social justice education. Discourses of Globalization, Ideology and Social Justice, with contributions from key scholars worldwide, should be required reading for a broad spectrum of users, including policy-makers, academics, graduate students, education policy researchers, administrators, and practitioners.
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Using data from the School Survey on Crime and Safety (SSOCS), this report presents findings both on crime and violence in U.S. public schools and on the practices and programs schools have used to promote school safety. SSOCS collects data from public school principals about violent and nonviolent crimes in their schools. The survey also collects data on school security measures, school security staff, mental health services, parent and community involvement at school, and staff training. SSOCS data can be used to study how violent incidents in schools relate to the programs and practices that schools have in place to prevent crime. Data collection began in February 2020 and was conducted mostly using an online survey instrument. In March 2020, many schools began closing their physical buildings due to the coronavirus pandemic. This affected data collection activities. Also, the change to virtual schooling and the adjusted school year may have impacted the data collected by SSOCS. Readers should use caution when comparing SSOCS:2020 estimates with those from earlier years. The national sample for SSOCS:2020 was made up of 4,800 U.S. public schools. Of these schools, 2,370 elementary, middle, high/secondary, and combined/other schools responded. The results showed that nonresponding schools were significantly different from responding schools. However, the results also showed that weighting adjustments removed most of the observed nonresponse bias. [For the summary report, see ED621594. For the 2019 report, see ED596638.]
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The purpose of this paper is to discuss the impact of migration during the Covid-19 pandemic. Migration has been affected by the pandemic in various ways. For instance, the mobility restrictions imposed by governments have led to a decrease in both legal and irregular migration, and this has caused economic hardship for those who rely on remittances from family members abroad. Furthermore, the pandemic has created a new set of challenges for migrant workers, such as increased exposure to health risks and exploitation. The paper will also discuss the potential opportunities for migrants that have arisen due to the pandemic, such as the need for skilled labour in certain sectors and the development of digital technologies to facilitate remote work. Finally, the paper will examine some of the initiatives that have been taken to address the challenges faced by migrants, such as the establishment of temporary residence permits and the provision of financial aid. The purpose of this paper is to examine the impact of migration during the pandemic. We will examine how the pandemic has affected migration, both human and economic, and what strategies have been used to reduce its negative impacts. We will also discuss the implications of migration for both developed and developing countries, and how it has impacted the global economy. Finally, we will explore the potential for future migration and the implications for global governance. Copyright © 2022, Anka Publishers. All rights reserved.